We demonstrate that up-phase stimulation mostly affects small waves by increasing their cortical involvement, propagating distance, and duration. We analyzed the traveling pattern of slow waves during auditory stimulation of their up and down phase. However, its mechanistic understanding remains elusive. Phase-locked auditory stimulation is a promising noninvasive tool to modulate ongoing brain activity during sleep. These results point out different underlying mechanisms mediating the effects of up- and down-phase stimulation and highlight the strength of traveling wave analysis as a sensitive and informative method for the study of connectivity and cortical excitability alterations. On the contrary, down-phase stimulation proves more efficient at perturbing large-amplitude waves and interferes with ongoing traveling by disengaging cortical regions and interrupting high synchronicity in the target area as indicated by increased traveling speed. We show that up-phase auditory stimulation on a right prefrontal area locally enhances cortical involvement and promotes traveling by increasing the propagating distance and duration of targeted small-amplitude waves. Here, eighteen healthy young adults were measured with high-density electroencephalography in three experimental conditions one with no stimulation, one with up- and one with down-phase stimulation ten participants were included in the analysis. Phase-locked auditory stimulation is a promising tool for the modulation of ongoing brain activity during sleep however, its underlying mechanisms remain unknown. The propagating pattern of sleep slow waves (high-amplitude oscillations < 4.5 Hz) serves as a blueprint of cortical excitability and brain connectivity.
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